The intranasal route of administration shows promise. The intranasal route is one of the most permeable and highly vascularized sites for drug administration, ensuring rapid absorption into the systemic circulation and onset of therapeutic action. In general, it has been potentially explored as an alternative route for drugs with poor bioavailability and for the delivery [...]

Patients in the 2 groups were similar with respect to age, height, weight, gender distribution, and length of surgery, and the number of teeth removed (Table 1). There were no significant differences (P = .05) in the physiological parameters, namely blood pressures (systolic, diastolic, mean arterial), heart rates, respiratory rates, and oxygen saturation between the [...]

The University Ethics Committee approved the study, and the parents signed written consent forms. Fifty healthy ASA status 1 children, free of any nasopharyngeal or respiratory problems, aged 5-7 years, weighing 15-20 kg, and having 6 or more teeth extracted, were eligible for participation in the study. Exclusion criteria were as follows: the use of [...]

An increasing number of children are undergoing day-case surgery. Children from 3 to 5 years of age may experience significant emotional upset as a result of hospitalization, fear of separation from parents, and unfamiliar surroundings. Children in this age group may not be fully aware of the necessity of their surgical procedure. They are fearful [...]