Though local anesthesia induced statistically significant changes to the mean values for HR and SBP for both anesthetic and sedation groups, the physiological magnitude and clinical relevance of such change would best be described as minimal. Maximal values were seen during the phase of surgery and were consistent with the observations of Knoll-Kohler et al [...]

The following general data were recorded for the 50 patients in the local anesthetic group. The mean age was 58.3 years, SD ± 11.0. There were 41 male and 9 female subjects. Cardiac pathology was derived from the World Health Organization Index for Cardiac Dis ease. Nine subjects (18%) had valvular heart disease, 14 (28%) [...]

As part of a large investigation (R. J. Middlehurst, unpublished data, 1999), this randomized, blinded, controlled, and comparative study investigated hemodynamic and electrocardiographic responses to lidocaine 2%, noradrenaline 1:50,000, vasopressin 0.25 IU/ mL, and midazolam. Seventy-five patients with heart disease (American Society of Anesthesiologists Categories III and IV) were prescribed dentoalveolar surgery using lidocaine 2%, [...]

Local anesthesia is a universal method of pain control, and its popularity is a testament to efficacy and safety. Plain lidocaine is an evanescent drug, so for dental practice, vasoconstrictors are routinely incorporated to improve both the depth and duration of analgesia and to secure hemostasis. Current clinical practice tacitly accepts the safety of adrenaline [...]