Preemptive Effects of a Combination of Preoperative Diclofenac, Butorphanol

Recent advances in postoperative pain management have brought about the concept of preemptive analgesia. The basis of this concept is that, if certain analgesics are administered before the onset of the surgical stimulus, postoperative pain can be prevented or markedly reduced. To induce preemptive analgesia, the pain hypersensitivity has to be prevented both peripherally and centrally.

A number of studies have been conducted to see whether pain after oral surgery could be prevented in various clinical settings; however, the results were not always satisfactory. Although there have been studies reporting preemptive analgesia upon the removal of the third molar tooth and for endodontic therapy with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or local anesthetics, no one has investigated preemptive analgesia for maxillofacial surgery. cialis canadian pharmacy

Orthognathic surgery is one of the major maxillofacial procedures that produce strong noxious stimulations. Thus, the authors studied whether preemptive multimodal analgesia (NSAID, kappa opioid receptor agonist, and local anesthetic) could be obtained in subjects undergoing sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO), a representative operation of orthognathic surgery.